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Cancer Immunotherapy

SperminePolyamine OxidaseOxidative StressRNAGene ExpressionCellular ProliferationSpermidinePolyamine MetabolismTherapy ResistanceClinical ResponseCytokine SignalingTumor CellsBiomarkersAntitumor ActivityPD-L1 Expression

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DrugsSemantic concept

Spermine

Generic Names:: Info
Generic Names:: Spermine
Alternative Names:: Gerotine, Musculamine,

Chemical formula:

C10H26N4

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All (24)Nodes (11)Relationships (14)

Vasodilation of rat retinal microvessels induced by monobutyrin. Dysregulation in diabetesBenjamin Clarke, Faming Gao, Sarah Thompson · Vascular Biology (2024)Abstract

1-Butyryl-glycerol (monobutyrin) is a simple lipid product of adipocytes with angiogenic activity. Recent studies have shown that the biosynthesis of this compound is tightly linked to lipolysis, a process associated with change…

SOD1— is annotated by →antioxidant activityGene:SOD1Gene ontology term:antioxidant activity

plasma membraneGene ontology description

The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.…

Namespace:cellular_componentGene ontology id:GO:000588

intracellular protein-containing complex— is a part of →SOD1-Bcl-2 complexChild GO term:intracellular protein-containing complexParent GO term:SOD1-Bcl-2 complex

Vasodilator of primary…— associated with →Antibiotic Infection,…Drug target name:Vasodilator of primary…Associated diseaseAntibiotic Infection,…

plasma membraneClinical use

Riluzole is a neuroprotective agent used for therapy of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Riluzole is associated with a low rate of serum aminotransferase elevations during therapy and has been linked to rare instances of clinically…

Generic names:Spermine,Alternative names:Gerotine, Musculamine, Actilip Sp-91

Vasodilation of rat re…

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Research article

Vasodilation of rat retinal microvessels induced by monobutyrin. Dysregulation in diabetes

Benjamin Clarke, Faming Gao, Sarah ThompsonVascular Biology2024

Publication date

1993-Dec-01

Abstract of this article

Excerpts from this article (1/3)

Adipose tissue development and function depend intimately upon blood vessel formation and blood flow rates. 3T3-F442A cells have been shown to secrete angiogenic factors when they undergo adipocyte differentiation ( 1-3). One suc…Read more

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lncRNAs & Cancer Immunoth…

Cancer Cells

Immune

Immune Responses

Checkpoint Proteins

Regulatory Mechanisms

lncRNAs

Summarize nodes

AI Insight Finder is thinking…Share AI Insights FinderSummary

Identifying the key concepts related to lncRNAs, their regulatory roles, and their relevance to cancer treatment.

Reviewed sources3

lncRNAs & Cancer Immunotherapy1

Checkpoint Proteins2

Regulatory Mechanisms3

In the realm of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), the term “nodes rate” denotes the frequency or density of interactions with other cellular components, crucial for understanding lncRNA’s regulatory mechanisms. Checkpoint inhibitors, a type of immunotherapy, enhance immune responses against cancer cells by blocking inhibitory checkpoints. Research explores how lncRNAs influence checkpoint proteins, potentially impacting cancer treatment efficacy. LncRNAs are categorized into groups based on similarities, aiding in understanding their regulatory roles and associations with diseases, providing insights into complex regulatory networks.1-3

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3 sources

Sources3

lncRNAs & Cancer Immunotherapy1

Checkpoint Proteins2

Regulatory Mechanisms3

lncRNAs

Long non-coding RNA transcripts that regulate gene expression.

Generic Names:Long non-coding RNA

Associations:Gene regulation

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Spermine

Clinical use

A polyamine found in living tissues that stabilises nucleic acids and membranes, and is metabolised by polyamine oxidase into spermidine.

Class:PolyamineLinked nodes:7

Cancer Immunotherapy

Definition

Treatment that engages the immune system against tumour cells; clinical response is commonly tracked through PD-L1 expression and cytokine signalling.

Studies:128Linked nodes:7

Polyamine Oxidase

Function

The enzyme that regulates polyamine turnover and is directly involved in the oxidative stress response.

Namespace:molecular_function

Tumor Cells

Definition

Cells affected by immunotherapy; their proliferation is one of the endpoints the graph connects back to spermine metabolism.

Namespace:cellular_component

Spermidine

Clinical use

Derived from spermine, it takes part in gene expression and cellular proliferation across the connected pathways.

Derived from:Spermine

Antitumor Activity

Definition

The induced effect the map traces from cancer immunotherapy through biomarkers and PD-L1 expression.

Evidence:Biomarkers, PD-L1

Cytokine Signaling

Definition

Cell-to-cell communication that regulates the immune response and is one of the routes the graph follows out of immunotherapy.

Namespace:biological_process

Polyamine Metabolism

Function

The pathway that produces and breaks down polyamines, linking spermine to oxidative stress and gene expression.

Namespace:biological_process

PD-L1 Expression

Definition

A surface protein level used as a biomarker for how tumour cells evade immune recognition.

Evidence:Clinical responseLinked nodes:3

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OverviewRanked results

Identifying key aspects of the topic to generate a clear, structured AI Overview.

Reviewed sources6

Diabetes1

(VEGFA) Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A2

Hyperglycemia3

Antigen-presenting cells4

Superoxide Dismutase Administration: A Review of Proposed Human Uses5

Riluzole6

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistently high blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) due to problems with insulin production, insulin action, or both.1-3

The condition occurs when the pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces, preventing glucose from reaching cells where it’s needed for energy.2-4

There are several main types of diabetes, including type 1 diabetes (caused by autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells), type 2 diabetes (involving insulin resistance and inadequate insulin secretion).2-4

The condition affects over 500 million adults and can lead to serious complications.1

Sustained hyperglycemia damages small and large blood vessels, which is why retinopathy, nephropathy and cardiovascular disease are the complications most often traced back to the condition.2-4

Management combines lifestyle change with drug therapy: metformin remains the usual first line, with insulin and newer incretin-based agents added as the disease progresses.1-3

These items are the highest ranked results:

Diabetes

Diseases characterized by a selective degeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord, brainstem, or motor cortex. Clinical subtypes are distinguished by the major site of degeneration.

(VEGFA) Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A

Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are metalloenzymes that play a major role in antioxidant defense against oxidative stress in the body.

Hyperglycemia

Destroys radicals which are normally produced within the cells and which are toxic to biological systems. The protein has a tendency to form fibrillar aggregates.

Antigen-presenting cells

The protein encoded by this gene binds copper and zinc ions and is one of two isozymes responsible for destroying free superoxide radicals.

Riluzole

Riluzole is a neuroprotective agent used for therapy of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Riluzole is associated with a low rate of serum aminotransferase elevations.

Superoxide Dismutase Administration: A Review of Proposed Human Uses

Superoxide dismutases are metalloenzymes that play a major role in antioxidant defense against oxidative stress and have been proposed for human therapeutic use.

Sources…

6 sources

Diabetes

Chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels caused by impaired insulin…

Generic Names:Diabetes mellitus

Indications:Persistent hyperglycemia, Insulin issues, Glucose disruption, Metabolic imbalance

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Sources3

Diabetes1

(VEGFA) Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A2

Hyperglycemia3

Sources6

Diabetes1

(VEGFA) Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A2

Hyperglycemia3

Antigen-presenting cells4

Superoxide Dismutase Administration: A Review of Proposed Human Uses5

Riluzole6

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8 sources

6 results

12 pages

Welcome to Antigen-presenting cells

This notebook gathers essential information and curated Sources on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). It brings together scientific literature, research notes, and generated results… View more

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“Links between genes, proteins, and pathways found within seconds that would have otherwise taken me weeks. The knowledge graph in Explorer has the potential to help me discover previously hidden pathways and design better T cell therapies.”

Dr. Cassian YeeMD Anderson Cancer Center

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